Optical Communication Technology Still Rosy Dawn All Over The Sky

Once the Nortel global leader in fiber optic communications during the Internet buble in 2000, the money in the acquisition of a large number of optical communications research and the production of small and medium enterprises, the industry has been criticized in the subsequient bankruptcy of Nortel. In fact, Nortel grasp of technology trends, the direction is right, unfortunately, Nortel too hasty, global demand for optical communication was not to such an extent.

But now the situation is very different compared with around 2000. The rapid development of mobile Internet and the widespread popularity of smart mobile terminal equipment, being a huge challenge to the global telecommunications network capacity, transmission speed. The era of "data flood peak to optical communication technology has always been known by the transmission bit of new development opportunities and a huge space. Optical communication technology not only did not fall behind, the contrary, the optical communication industry chain, from fiber optic cable system equipment, terminal equipment to optical devices, a critical period in the comprehensive technology upgrade.

The field of optical communication is a noteworthy event, the National Development and Reform Commission recently organizing the preparation of strategic emerging industries key products and services Guidance Catalogue, which in conjunction with the relevant departments, the optical communiation technology and product responsibility and selected emerging industries of strategic focus products.

In fiber optics, including FTTx G.657 optical fiber, broadband long-distance high speed large capacity optical fiber transmission with G.656 optical fiber, photonic crystal fiber, rare earth doped fiber (including ytterbium doped fiber, erbium doped fiber and thulium doped fiber, etc.) the laser energy transmission fiber, and has some special properties of new optical fiber, plastic optical fiber, polymer optical fiber is fully finalists. The upgrade of the fiber optic technology, will bring the data transmission capacity, distance, quality leap.

In the field of fiber access equipment, passive optical network (PON),wavelength division multiplexer (WDM),OLT and ONU on the list. Optical transmission equipment, especially the line rate of 40 Gbit/s, 100Gbit/s large capacity (1.6Tb/s and abobe) DWDM equipment, reconfigurable optical bifurcation Multiplexer (ROADM) wavelength division multiplexing system ran cross-connect (OXC) equipment, large-capacity high-speed OTN optical transport network equipment as well as packetized enhanced OTN equipment, PTN packet transport network equipment also impressively. These products are "broadband China" works to promote a powerful weapon, both long-distance backbone network, metropolitan area network or access network even close to the user's "last mile" of these products will come in handy.

The major products are classified as strategic emerging industries in the field of optical devices, high-speed optical components (active and passive). This is the core and foundation of the field of optical communication technology, device development, the improvement of integration, function enhancement can bring significantly reduce the cost of system equipment and provide a performance boost.

At the same time, the annual OFC / NFOEC (fiber-optic communications exhibition) will be held in late March in California. This event will showcase the latest technology and research progress of the global optical component modules, systems, networks and fiber optic products, represents a new trend of development of optical communication technology.

100G for ultra-high-speed network technology is the current OFC hot one. 2012 100G technology on a global scale backbone network level scale application of 100G optical network applications will rapidly expand with the 100G device further mature. In the same time, the industry has also increased efforts to develop the 100G optical transceiver , silicon photonics technology pluggable multi-source agreement 100G CFP MSA CPAK optical module has been available. Outside the backbone network, 100G MAN application is the current one of OFC discussion topic.

The rise of cloud computing brings data center construction boom, 100G technology in the data center is a popular data center for high-speed pluggable optical devices is also a hot topic. Experts believe that photonic technology has a key role to play in the large enterprise data centers, but this is only a start, the size of the new cloud computing data center such as a warehouse, with more than 100,000 servers carrying the computing and storage resources, the required network bandwidth than PB level. These data centers only optical communications technology in order to achieve VCSEL (vertical cavity surface emitting lasers) and multi-mode fiber has played an important role, and will continue to introduce new fiber optic communication technology.

Source from: www.fiberstore.com

Integrated Cabling Network Connection Between The Optical Fiber Equipment

Since the optical fiber and fiber optic port prices are still very expensive, so the optical fiber is mainly used for optical fiber is mainly used for the connection between the core switch and the aggregation layer switches, or used in the aggregation layer switches between the cascade. Should be noted that the fiber ports do not have the ability to stack can only be used in cascade.

1. Fiber optic jumper wire cross connection

In all switches are two fiber ports that pitch-catch. Of course, fiber jumpers must be 2, otherwise wouldn’t be able to communicate between the ports. When the switch via fiber optic port cascade must be at both ends of the fiber jumpers transceiver swap, when the a Termination “receive” the other end “send.” Similarly, when one end of the “send” elbow, the other end to close. “ Cisco GBIC fiber module marked transceiver flag, left side inward arrows indicate the “revenue”, the right side of the outward arrows indicate the “send”, the port LED is not lit, the connection failed. Only when the fiber port after the success of the LED light into green.

Similary, when the convergence layer switch is connected to the core switches, between the transceiver ports of the optical fiber must also be cross-connections, as shown:

2. The connection of the optoelectronic transceiver

When the fiber optic cable integrated wiring between buildings or between floors while the horizontal cabling using twisted pair connection between the two transmission media. First, using the same time has a fiber port and RJ-45 port switch, switch between the interconnection between the photoelectric port; using inexpensive photoelectric conversion device, connect one end of the optical fiber, the other end connected to the switch twisted pair ports photoelectric conversion between, as shown:

Comparatively speaking, the higher transmission performance modular switches, photoelectric conversion devices cheaper. Therefore, it should be based on the network data transmission needs determined and the amount of investment which equipment. It needs to be noted that not all fiber transceivers to support full-duplex, some products only support half-duplex, and should therefore pay attention to identify at the time of purchase. In addition, taking into account the compatibility suggested the use of the products of the same brand and type.

One end of the optical transceiver connected to the fiber optic patch panels using fiber optic jumper with the remote fiber-optic interface connection; using twisted pair jumper the other end connected to the RJ-45 port switch, with the other computers on the switch connection to complete the network backbone fiber optic transmission.

Source: FiberStore

The Flexibility of Fiber Optics

When people talk about the Internet, the cable TV system or the telephone system it is very likely that you have cable, optical fiber can be heard. They are regarded as strands of optically pure thin glass that carry digital information over long distances.Typical SC fiber optic adapter are with plastic housing and single mode SC/UPC adapter is blue color, single mode SC/APC adapter is green color, multimode SC/UPC adapter is beige color Most media used in combination because of the availability of higher bandwidth, the fiber optic light source far more than many other forms of electrical signal carrier to be worn.

Fiber optic communication systems have certainly developed the telecommunications industry and because of its advantages over electrical transmission line, copper wire communications in core networks are replaced by optical fibers. As will be fiber optic long, thin strands of pure thin glass, which denotes in bundles as Fiber optic cable, which are for light to transmit signals over large distances are arranged such works.

A single optical fiber consists of a core that the thin glass center of the fiber where the light passes, fairing,The new MIPP is a termination Patch Panel that need to be connected to active equipment. the outer optical material around the core, the light back into the core and a buffer reflecting coating which has a plastic coating is that the fiber from damage and moisture.

Due to its smooth transition, optical fibers for signal transmission are far more recommended. Can carry calbles with a minimum number of optical fiber amplifiers that the amount of data transferred in many electrical lines. If fiber cables running side by side long distances, they experience cross-talk, unlike some types of electrical cables. Although fiber optics higher the value, it will save some money in the long run with less maintenance.

Fiber Optics is thin, so in contrast to electrical signals in copper wires, light signals from one fiber to those of other fibers in the same cable that could affect results in clear reception. The loss of the signal is also less than in fiber optics into electrical copper wires therefore lower power transmitter can be used instead of the electrical high-voltage transmitter.

Since their suitability for use in digital signals, fiber optics used in particular in the telecommunications aspects. Due to the flexibility of uses fiberglass is often seen in almost every industry.

Information of Fiber Optic Attenuation

How to choose an optical attenuator. First,you need to check your application. This attenuator where and how to use it for? You must consider the factors in the test lab, you need a different attenuation, in your experiment? Variable attenuator,In most cases you will end up needed to use a Fiber Optic Attenuator and then will be a good choice. You must also consider the type and mode of the fiber. You must also decide what you need, the end result.

We use the attenuator is the path of the attenuation of light along glass or plastic fiber optic cable. the cable is often the jacket, in order to protect the fragile material. The sheath is often Kevlar, to add strength, but the decay does not require sheath or aramid, because of the small molded housing. The molded housing is usually made of metal or plastic.

Fixed optical attenuator – the use of the case, you know, you need the dB value of attenuation.

For example, you may need to reduce by 5dB of optical signals, so you will get a 5db attenuation. You should see your connection, so you can order the correct type of fiber optic attenuator. on the site, if you choose to select your attenuation certainly, and select the appropriate connector type site should contain the type of information on the connector and the decibel value. The connector type is very typical of the legislative Council LC/APC, SC/UPC, SC/APC/UPC bar code, Mu, FCs, FC/APC abd ST.

Like some websites britecom.net- just Google, he GE in-line Coupler easily adds a telephone at a different location without installing a new jack. Great for connecting 2 line cords to create a longer cord they say, good quality and reasonable price. They also said that good customer service. All you have to decide what is the best place to find your fiber optical attenuator, of course, is your choice. We have a free and great to know.

More fiber optic products information please visit our fiberstore.

How to Choose Fiber Optic Power Meters

What is a fiber optic power meter? The fiber optic power meter measures how much light is coming out of a fiber optic cable. It can be used to determine the amount of light being generated by an optical source, or the amount of light being coupled into an optical receiver.

Optical power is usually measured in dBm, or decibels referenced to 1mW. These devices measure the average optical power, not the peak power, so they are sensitive to the duty cycle of the data transmitted.

Their wavelength and power range have to be appropriately matched to the system being measured. Most power meters used to test communication networks are designed to work at 850nm, 1300nm and 1500nm wavelength ranges and in the power range of -15 to -35dBm for multimode links, or 0-40dBm for single mode links.

What types of power meters are available?

Fiber optic power meters, like DMMs, come in a variety of types. The measurement uncertainty of practically all fiber optic power meters is the same, limited by the physical constrains of transferring standards with optical connections.

Most meters have an uncertainty of +/- 5% or approximately 0.2dB, no matter what the resolution of the display may be. Lower cost meters or those for field use usually have a resolution of 0.1dB, laboratory meters display 0.01dB, and a resolution of 0.001dB is available on a few specialized meters.

The appropriate resolution for a measurement should be chosen according to the test. Laboratory measurements of low-loss patch cables, connectors and splices can be made to 0.01dB resolution and an uncertainty of 0.05dB or less if great care is used in controlling the test conditions.

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Article Source: expert Colin Yao

What is Optical Fiber?

Optical Fiber? full name is called the optical fiber optical English name is OPTIC FIBER, also called OPTICAL FIBER is pure quartz with a special process to pull into filaments, fiber diameter, even smaller than a human hair, but its ability is very large, in a very short time a huge amount of information transfer.

According to the present level of progress. It has been realized in an optical fiber in the second pass hundreds of the information rate.Moreover, this rate is also far from the fiber transmission rate limits. Planing surface structure and fiber coaxial cable similar to, but didn’t mesh shield. Center is the glass core optical transmission. In the multi-mode fiber, core diameter is 15um-50um. The single-mode fiber core diameter of 8um-10um. Outside the core surrounded by a layer of off-color lower rate than the core glass envelope. In order to keep the core within the fiber. It is the use of the principle of total reflection of light. This signal energy loss. Then the outside is a thin plastic coat to protect the envelope. Fiber is often tied up outside a shell to protect. Cross-sectional area of quartz glass fiber core is very small double concentric cylinder, it crisp texture, easy to break,so out with a protective layer. Currently we usually use the fiber when the bandwidth utilization is
very low. the main reason is the computer are now run by integrated circuits, meaning that the computer is within the transmission power of digital signal.

Optical characteristics are: transmission speed, range, contents, and immunity against electromagnetic interferences, not afraid of thunder and lightning hit hard in the external eavesdropping, is not conductive, there is no ground between devices such trouble.

Fiber optic cable is a root of very fine quartz glass fibers, each fiber contained in the number of such glass fiber is the number of fiber core. Number of different specifications of the fiber core is not the same, generally from 2 core, 4 core, 8 core range to hundreds of cores. It also determines the scope and cost of optical fiber applications.

Then, we apply the number of core optical fiber, application of what type of fiber would be suitable then? Experience, most of the trunk optical fiber cores highest proportion of 8-core, and the mean number of trunk optical fiber core is 8-core. In LAN applications, approximately 80% in the form of Ethernet, so most users need a fiber channel requires only 2-core optical fiber transmission tasks can be completed.FDDI and a full 4-core optical fiber loop optical fiber is required. And most users to install fiber optic cabling systems have some redundancy to accommodate future expansion needs. In fact, the number of fiber core is difficult to tell the user what is the demand? Especially in the main application, in the final analysis, it all depends on the number of network equipment and fiber optic cabling fiber optic port on the complexity of installation.

Optical fiber loss can be divided into a fiber made from the natural wear and tear, and after the additional loss caused by conditions of use. Fiber can be divided into single-mode fiber (SMF), multimode fiber (MMF), long-wavelength low drive bulk fiber (LMF), plastic optical fiber (POF) and so are many, the scope of application vary, the most commonly used are the following specifications:

Wavelength:

1920 years ago, people only mastered the long wave and medium wave radio wave section, the application of electromagnetic waves and only the transmission cable, still images and a small amount of the phone. In 1930, it mastered the short wave. After that open up the UHF, microwave and millimeter-wave field, so high-capacity microwave and satellite communications have emerged. In general, almost every ten years to develop and master the human can be a new band.

For wireless communications, the information to rely on electromagnetic waves to transmit.In general, the higher the frequency of electromagnetic waves, can carry the greater amount of information. The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength of the corresponding.It is committed to the development of electromagnetic waves, from the long wave, medium wave to short wave, VHF, microwave, purpose is to send more information.

The figure is the wavelength of electromagnetic waves and names. Can be seen from the figure, light is the wavelength of a few millimeters from zero to about 0.1 micron wavelength range of electromagnetic waves.

Article source:http://www.fiber-optical-networking-products.com/

Fiber Optic Cable Design

An Fiber optic Cable is a cable containing one or more optical fibers. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed.

Fiber Optical consists of a core and a cladding layer, selected for total internal reflection due to the difference in the refractive index between the two. In practical fibers, the cladding is usually coated with a layer of acrylate polymer or polyimide. This coating protects the fiber from damage but does not contribute to its optical waveguide properties. Individual coated fibers then have a tough resin buffer layer and/or core tube extruded around them to form the cable core. Several layers of protective sheathing, depending on the application, are added to form the cable. Rigid fiber assemblies sometimes put light-absorbing ("dark") glass between the fibers, to prevent light that leaks out of one fiber from entering another. This reduces cross-talk between the fibers, or reduces flare in fiber bundle imaging applications.

For indoor applications, the jacketed fiber is generally enclosed, with a bundle of flexible fibrous polymer strength members like aramid, in a lightweight plastic cover to form a simple cable. Each end of the cable may be terminated with a specialized Fiber Optic connector to allow it to be easily connected and disconnected from transmitting and receiving equipment.

For use in more strenuous environments, a much more robust cable construction is required. In loose-tube construction the fiber is laid helically into semi-rigid tubes, allowing the cable to stretch without stretching the fiber itself. This protects the fiber from tension during laying and due to temperature changes. Loose-tube fiber may be "dry block" or gel-filled. Dry block offers less protection to the fibers than gel-filled, but costs considerably less. Instead of a loose tube, the fiber may be embedded in a heavy polymer jacket, commonly called "tight buffer" construction. Tight buffer cables are offered for a variety of applications, but the two most common are "Breakout" and "Distribution". Breakout cables normally contain a ripcord, two non-conductive dielectric strengthening members, an aramid yarn, and 3 mm buffer tubing with an additional layer of Kevlar surrounding each fiber. The ripcord is a parallel cord of strong yarn that is situated under the jacket of the cable for jacket removal. Distribution cables have an overall Kevlar wrapping, a ripcord, and a 900 micrometer buffer coating surrounding each fiber. These fiber units are commonly bundled with additional steel strength members, again with a helical twist to allow for stretching.

A critical concern in Outdoor Fiber Optic Cable is to protect the fiber from contamination by water. This is accomplished by use of solid barriers such as copper tubes, and water-repellent jelly or water-absorbing powder surrounding the fiber.

Finally, the cable may be armored to protect it from environmental hazards, such as construction work or gnawing animals. Undersea cables are more heavily armored in their near-shore portions to protect them from boat anchors, fishing gear, and even sharks, which may be attracted to the electrical power that is carried to power amplifiers or repeaters in the cable.

Modern cables come in a wide variety of sheathings and armor, designed for applications such as direct burial in trenches, dual use as power lines, installation in conduit, lashing to aerial telephone poles, submarine installation, and insertion in paved streets.

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How Does OTDR Work?

OTDRs are always used on OSP cables to verify the loss of each splice. But they are also used as troubleshooting tools. Let's look at how an OTDR works and see how it can help testing and troubleshooting. When you finish this section, see Understanding OTDR for a more detailed explanation.

Unlike sources and power meters which measure the loss of the fiber optic cable plant directly, the OTDR works indirectly. The source and meter duplicate the transmitter and receiver of the fiber optic transmission link, so the measurement correlates well with actual system loss.
The OTDR, however, uses backscattered light of the fiber to imply loss. The OTDR works like RADAR, sending a high power laser light pulse down the fiber and looking for return signals from backscattered light in the fiber itself or reflected light from connector or splice interfaces.
At any point in time, the light the OTDR sees is the light scattered from the pulse passing through a region of the fiber. Only a small amount of light is scattered back toward the OTDR, but with sensitive receivers and signal averaging, it is possible to make measurements over relatively long distances. Since it is possible to calibrate the speed of the pulse as it passes down the fiber, the OTDR can measure time, calculate the pulse position in the fiber and correlate what it sees in backscattered light with an actual location in the fiber. Thus it can create a display of the amount of backscattered light at any point in the fiber.
Since the pulse is attenuated in the fiber as it passes along the fiber and suffers loss in connectors and splices, the amount of power in the test pulse decreases as it passes along the fiber in the cable plant under test. Thus the portion of the light being backscattered will be reduced accordingly, producing a picture of the actual loss occurring in the fiber. Some calculations are necessary to convert this information into a display, since the process occurs twice, once going out from the OTDR and once on the return path from the scattering at the test pulse.

There is a lot of information in an OTDR display. The slope of the fiber trace shows the attenuation coefficient of the fiber and is calibrated in dB/km by the OTDR. In order to measure fiber attenuation, you need a fairly long length of fiber with no distortions on either end from the OTDR resolution or overloading due to large reflections. If the fiber looks nonlinear at either end, especially near a reflective event like a connector, avoid that section when measuring loss.
Connectors and splices are called "events" in OTDR jargon. Both should show a loss, but connectors and mechanical splices will also show a reflective peak so you can distinguish them from fusion splices. Also, the height of that peak will indicate the amount of reflection at the event, unless it is so large that it saturates the OTDR receiver. Then peak will have a flat top and tail on the far end, indicating the receiver was overloaded. The width of the peak shows the distance resolution of the OTDR, or how close it can detect events.

OTDRs can also detect problems in the cable caused during installation. If a fiber is broken, it will show up as the end of the fiber much shorter than the cable or a high loss splice at the wrong place. If excessive stress is placed on the cable due to kinking or too tight a bend radius, it will look like a splice at the wrong location.

OTDR Limitations
The limited distance resolution of the OTDR makes it very hard to use in a LAN or building environment where cables are usually only a few hundred meters long. The OTDR has a great deal of difficulty resolving features in the short cables of a LAN and is likely to show "ghosts" from reflections at connectors, more often than not simply confusing the user.

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How To Distinguish The Pros And Cons Of The Fiber Optic Cable

How to distinguish the advantages and disadvantages of fiber optic cable? What types of fiber optic cable it? Cable manufacturer which is it? Regular cable manufacturers generally use the manufacturers of core, some low-cost low-quality fiber optic cable commonly used C-class D-class fiber and unsolicited smuggling fiber, these fibers due to the complex sources, the factory a long time, and often have damp color, and multi-mode fiber often mixed with single-mode fiber, the general lack of small factories the necessary testing equipment, not to make judgments on the quality of the fiber. The naked eye can not distinguish this fiber construction in touch often to the question is: very narrow band, the transmission distance is short; uneven thickness and not pigtail docking; fiber lack of flexibility in the time of the disk fiber curved off.

Through the skin to distinguish: Indoor fiber optic cable commonly used poly the recorded ethylene or flame-retardant poly recorded vinyl exterior surfaces shall be smooth, shiny, flexible and easy to peel. Poor quality of the cable jacket finish is not good, easy and inside the sleeve, Kevlar adhesion. Outdoor PE sheath of the cable should be high quality black vinyl into the cable skin smooth, bright, uniform thickness, no small bubbles. Skin is generally of poor quality cable manufactured using recycled materials, which can bring considerable cost savings, this fiber optic cable is not smooth epidermis, due to a lot of impurities within the raw material, the cable jacket made ​​out of a lot of fine pits wow, long time to crack into the water.

Through the strengthening of the steel wire to distinguish: Regular manufacturer of outdoor cable wire phosphating treatment, surface gray, this wire into the cable does not increase hydrogen damage, no rust, high strength. Poor-quality fiber optic cable is generally replaced with thin wire or aluminum wire, the identification method is very easy - the appearance of white and pinch in your hand can be bent. Production and use of such wire, fiber optic hydrogen loss, a long time, two hanging cable box will rust fracture. Formal production enterprises to adopt a double-sided brush longitudinal dressing pattern of the anti-rust paint strip, low-quality fiber optic cable used in an ordinary metal, usually only one side for rust treatment.

Through loose tube to distinguish between: Loose tube fiber optic cable installed with optical fiber should be used PBT materials, such casing strength, deformation, and aging. Generally low-quality fiber optic cable with PVC do casing, the casing outside diameter thin hand pinch flat, a bit like a drink straw.

Instrument manufacturers tell you to distinguish between fiber paste: outdoor fiber optic cable within the fiber paste can prevent the oxidation of fiber due to water vapor into the damp, etc., using low-quality fiber optic fiber paste rarely seriously affect the life of the optical fiber.

Aramid to distinguish between: Indoor fiber optic cable and overhead power cables using aramid yarn strength member, aramid high cost of poor quality indoor fiber optic cable is generally the outer diameter is very thin, so you can use less several strands of aramid cost savings. This fiber optic cable is very easy to wear tube pulled off. ADSS cable is based on the span, per second wind speed to determine the use of aramid fiber optic cable, usually dare not cut corners.

Selection of fiber optic cable in addition to depending on the type of fiber count and fiber, but also the use of the environment of the cable to select the cable outer sheath. Should use armored cable, outdoor fiber optic cable directly buried. Overhead may make use of fiber optic cable with two or more ribs, black plastic outer sheath. Fiber optic cable within the building should be in the selection of attention to the fire, poison and smoke characteristics. Generally in the pipeline or forced ventilation at the choice of flame-retardant fiber optic cable. Building vertical cabling, you can choose the layer stranded fiber optic cable; horizontal cabling, the choice can branch fiber optic cable, transmission distance is less than 2km, to select multi-mode fiber optic cable more than 2km free relay, or use single-mode fiber optic cable.

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Using The Proper Fiber Optic Tools

Did it cross your mind that traditional tools we use around the house are no longer able to help us with many things that we need to do? This challenge is not only common for lay people but also for professionals. When it comes to fiber optic tools, they are a kind that keeps evolving all the time.

If you are in to fiber optics industry, you will know that fiber optics are not something that you can live without. The most basic tool that any technician should carry is a VFL, also known as Visual Fault Locator.

Many experts agree that a lot of work can be done using a Visual Fault Locator however it is a painfully long and energy wrenching job because much manual work needs to be done section by section. Checking a fiber optic cable inch by inch could also bring about damages, therefore, experts suggest that fiber optic technicians use proper fiber optic tools.

Common fiber optic tools such as a high quality launch cables and optical time domain reflector will save a lot of time and money for you while giving you the opportunity to spot out the problem at one go.However, when it comes to choosing fiber optic tools, you ought to consider your compentency level and the requirement because not just any fiber optic tools will suit your need.

Internet is full of resources on how to fix fiber optics and associated issues. But if you are involving in such things out of curiosity without any background knowledge of what you are doing, you should probably stop and think twice. So unless you are two hundred percent sure that you could use do it yourself fiber optic tools in to repairing your system, do not get involved!

A fiber optic technician would charge quite a bulk charge but if you try to accomplish the task on your own without qualifications to do so, you may end up damaging the whole system. Therefore, be careful when you meddle around with fiber optic tools. All major hardware stores and retailers will sell fiber optic tools and you may be able to find them even at local stores. So good luck hunting for those fiber optic tool!

12 Core Bundle Pigtail

Pigtail known as pigtail cable, only one end of the connector at the other end is the core of the breakage of a fiber optic cable, connected by welding, and other fiber optic cable core, often appear in the fiber optic terminal box patch panel is used to connect fiber optic cable fiber optic transceiver (also used in the coupling, jumpers, etc.).

Divided into multimode pigtail single-mode pigtail pigtail: multimode pigtail orange, a wavelength of 850nm, the transmission distance is 500m-2KM, for short-range connectivity. Single mode pigtail is yellow, there are two wavelength 1310nm and 1550nm, transmission distance of 10km-40km and 40KM-120KM.

Fiber splicing technology:
Fiber splicing technology Splice machine to connect the optical fiber and optical fiber or fiber pigtail fuse together into a whole, the bare fiber optic cable and optical fiber pigtail, the pigtail is a single optical fiber head. Connected to fiber optic transceivers, fiber optic and twisted-pair connections, received the information outlets. The main tools used in fiber optic fusion process: the light side boxes, fiber optic transceivers, pigtails, coupler, special wire stripper, fiber cutter.
Transmission system commonly used with pigtails SC / PC, FC / PC, the LC / PC ST / PC four interfaces.

Said pigtail connector marked, we can often see the FC / PC, SC / PC, etc., its meaning is as follows:
"/" The front part of the pigtail connector models.
The SC connector is the standard rectangular connector, engineering plastics, high temperature, not easily oxidized advantages. Transmission equipment sidelight interface for general use SC connectors.
"LC" connectors and SC connectors are similar in shape, smaller than the SC connector.
FC connector is a metal connector, usually used in the ODF side, pluggable metal joints more often than plastic.
More varieties signal connector, in addition to the three described above, as well as MTRJ, ST, MU, and so on.

"/" Followed by that fiber connector cross-section process, ie, polishing.
"PC" in the equipment of telecom operators is the most widely used, the joint cross-section is flat.
UPC attenuation is smaller than the "PC", generally used for devices with special needs, some foreign manufacturers ODF frame internal jump fiber with the FC / UPC, mainly to improve the indicators of the ODF device itself.
In addition, more applications in CATV broadcasting and early "APC" Model Pigtail head with the inclination of the face, can improve the quality of television signals, mainly due to the TV signal is analog optical modulation, when the connector coupling the surface is perpendicular to the reflected light returns along the original path. The fiber refractive index profile of uneven will again return to the coupling surface, although the energy is very small but because of the analog signal can not completely eliminate the noise, so the equivalent of a clear signal superimposed on a weak signal with a delay performance is ghosting on the screen. Pigtailed headband angle allows the reflected light returns along the original path. General digital signal there is generally no problem.

Fiber Splice Closure

Fiber splice closure is a fiber management products typically used with outdoor fiber optical cables. Outdoor fiber cables ends come into the splice closure and the optical fibers of these cables can be connected by splicing them together. The jointed optical fibers are put into the fiber optic trays which are installed inside the splice closure. By using the fiber optic trays it is easy to organize the optical fiber connections. Both the fiber tray and the fiber splice closure help protect the fibers and cables inside.

Fiberstore.com supply two styles Fiber Optic Splice Closures vertical and dome.Vertical (Dome) fiber optic splice closures are made of excellent engineering plastics. And supply different ports types, fittings and different fiber optic core numbers for vertical/Dome fiber optic splice closures. The main application for vertical fiber optic splice closure is in CATV, telecommunications and fiber optic networks. They are suitable for protecting optical fiber splices in straight through and branching applications, and can be used in aerial, duct and direct buried fiber optic cable projects.

The main key feature of fiber spilce closure are high-strength engineering plastic shell; High mechanical performance; Endure harsh conditions such as vibration, impact, tensile cable distortion and strong temperature changes;Great aging resistant ability; Does not require special tools, easy to install and open the duplicate; Excellent sealing performance; The use of reusable components to open seal in order to ensure a good airtight waterproof performance; The scope of application : aerial, direct-buried, wall-mounting, duct-mounting; Come with related fiber optic trays and splice protection sleeves.

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Talking About The Development Status Of Fiber Optic Cable

The Ordinary Fiber Optic

the ordinary single-mode fiber is the most commonly used fiber optic. With the development of optical communication systems, optical repeater distance and a single wavelength channel capacity increases G.652.A optical fibers, there may be further optimized, the performance in the low attenuation coefficient of the 1550rim District has not been fully utilized and fiber minimum attenuation coefficient and the zero dispersion point is not in the same region. The cutoff wavelength of the meet the ITUTG.654 provisions displacement single-mode fiber and dispersion-shifted single-mode fiber G.653 provisions to achieve this improvement.

Core network fiber optic cable

China has in the trunk (including the full adoption of the national trunk, the province of the trunk and regional trunk) fiber optic cable, multimode fiber has been eliminated, all the single-mode fiber, including G.652 fibers and G.655. G.653 fiber in our country has adopted, but will not develop in the future. G.654 fiber optic because it can not significantly increase the capacity of fiber optic systems, have not used it in China's terrestrial fiber optic cable. The trunk cable using discrete fiber, optical fiber ribbon. The trunk cable is mainly used for the outdoors, these cables have been used sleeve Stranded skeleton structure, the current has stopped.

Access network, fiber optic cable

Short distance from the fiber optic cable in the access network, multi-branch and drop frequently, in order to increase network capacity, is to increase the fiber count. Pipeline in the city, due to limited pipe diameter, at the same time to increase the number of fiber core to increase the fiber optic cable fiber container density, reducing the cable diameter and weight, is very important. Access network using G.652 single mode fiber optic and G.652.C low water peak single-mode fiber. The low water peak single-mode fiber for dense wavelength division multiplexing, in China has a small amount of use.

Indoor fiber optic cable

Indoor fiber optic cable is often required for the transmission of voice, data and video signals. And the head may also be used for telemetry and sensor. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) referred to in the fiber optic cable classification of indoor fiber optic cable, I believe that should include at least Bureau of cable and wiring of two major fiber optic cable. Office cable laying on the central office or other telecommunications room, laying close orderly and relatively fixed position. Integrated wiring cable laying on the client's indoors, mainly by users, and therefore its vulnerability should be higher than the fiber optic cable more rigorous consideration.

Communication cable power lines

The fiber optic is a dielectric fiber optic cable can also be made ​​to all media, no metals. This all-dielectric fiber optic cable will be the power system the best lines of communication. For all dielectric fiber optic cable laid by the power poles Road, there are two structures: All Dielectric Self Supporting (ADSS) structure and for the overhead ground wire of the winding structure. ADSS fiber optic cable because you can separate deployment, wide, has been widely used in the current transformation of China's electric power transmission system. China has been able to produce a variety of ADSS fiber optic cable to meet the market needs. However, the product structure and performance, such as ambition the number of cable structure, cable creep and arc resistance properties, as well as to be further improved. The recent demand of the ADSS fiber optic cable in the country, is a popular products.

This information form Fiber Cabling and If you want to know more fiber products, please pay attention to my blog. This blog reproduce form http://www.fiber-optical-networking-products.com/

Troubleshooting Of Fiber Media Converter

1, the Power light does not shine

Power failure encountered in the Power light does not shine, just direct replace the transceiver or the power supply box, but the socket replaced before test voltage is normal, so as not to cause damage once.

2, the optical path Link light does not shine

a) Check the fiber optic cable line is open circuit, the available loopback test method or with optical power meter and light source testing.

b) power meter check the fiber line loss is beyond the scope of equipment to receive different transceiver reception range should be confirmed according to the actual situation.

c) Check whether the optical interface docking with the flange correctly.

d) Check the fiber optic interface transceiver is correct, the test commonly used transceiver swap.

e) transmission length and distance match, especially over long distances must be selected can reach the distance of Fiber Media Converter.

f) both ends of the transceiver model match the model of the card more mixed interpolation may lead to unreasonable or other faults.

g) transceiver to connect the fiber mode matching, single-mode card to use single-mode fiber, multimode card use multimode fiber.

h) damage to the port transceiver light from the Tour de France tests, such as ring, the Link light is still not lit, then judge for the optical interface failures.

3, the circuit Link light does not shine

a) Check the network cable is open circuit or bad contact.

b) Check the connection type to match some of the fiber optic transceiver does not yet support adaptive, according to the type of connection to select a crossover cable or straight cable.

c) to inspect equipment, the transfer rate to match, if not adaptive, when both ends of the mandatory rate mismatch may cause transmission interruptions.

d) switches Optical port is disable.

e) The transceiver circuit port is damaged.

4, the network packet loss is a serious

a) fiber optic transceiver damage, lightning or high-voltage transient packet loss in general can determine the transceiver damage.

b) The transceiver's power port and the Network Device Interface, or both ends of the device interface duplex mode mismatch.

c) fiber optic connectivity issues, line attenuation reaches a critical state often this happens.

d) The cable quality issues.

5, send and receive lights are normal, but the network is disconnected

a) and the upper switch port does not match the check is not easy to find fault, from the physical layer.

b) The transceiver is damaged, or hanged.

c) cable production error, the wrong fiber jumper production also make electrical port link lights, but the link does not conduction.

d) The single fiber conduction, some transceiver just received optical signal optical port LINK light to light up, at which point there is no light signal is sent.

7, commonly used in transceiver test methods

a) the substitution method: When a spare transceiver, using the substitution method to forensics transceiver problem is the most direct and quick way.

b) stand-alone test method: put aside the external connection circuit, stand-alone transceiver test directly connected, such as able to ping the General Principles of judgment for the transceiver to normal, if not to ping you need to check the upper fault.

c) both ends of the test method: both ends of the transceiver connected computer if ping, ping General Clauses exclude transceiver failure, such as the ping fails you need to check the reasons for the connection from the transceiver, the optical path network cable.

This information form fiber optic products store: Fiberstore